OmegaT - Java (openjdk) Compatibility

OmegaT

It is a computer-assisted translation tool, free software written in the Java programming language, originally developed by Keith Godfrey. Its features include customizable segmentation using regular expressions, expressions, translation memory with fuzzy matching and match propagation, glossary matching, dictionary matching, translation memory and reference material searching, and inline spell-checking using Hunspell  spelling dictionaries.

Download:

You can download it from the official website here. OmegaT is also available on Ubuntu Software Centre. To download it from the terminal type:

sudo apt-get install omegat

Prerequisite:

Built in Java Programming Language, make sure that your device has Java installed. Read here for how to install java.

Run the Application:

After installation to run the application in terminal type:

sudo omegat

Error to face:

Trying to open OmegaT you are most likely to see this error:

Suitable Java Binary not found.

 Troubleshoot: 

The error: "Suitable Jave binary not found" is displayed because the java (openjdk) version listed in script of OmegaT donot match your version. Suppose I use 1.8.0_66 also known as Java 8. I too get that error. So we need to manual configure the script, update our java version and restart the application.

#!/bin/sh

JAVA_OPTIONS='-Djava.library.path=/usr/lib/jni'

JAVA=$(which java | xargs readlink -f)

echo "$JAVA" | grep -q -e '\(openjdk\|sun\)'
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
    JAVABIN=$JAVA
elif [ -x /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-i386/bin/java ]
then
    JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-i386/bin/java"
#KEEP YOUR JAVA VERSION HERE IN THIS LINE
#UNCOMMENT THREE LINES BELOW:
#line1# elif [ -x /usr/lib/java-8-oracle/bin/java ]
#line2# then
 #line3# JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/bin/java"      

elif [ -x /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/bin/java ]
then
    JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/bin/java"
elif [ -x /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/bin/java ]
then
    JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/bin/java"
else
    echo "Suitable java binary not found."
    exit 1
fi

exec $JAVABIN $JAVA_OPTIONS -jar /usr/share/omegat/OmegaT.jar $*

Reference: Java Binary
Java source file is compiled into a binary class file. This feature of Java Programming Language makes Java Ubiquitous, portable and extensible.  Java binary files are used in a JVM(Java Virtual Machine for execution. Java bytecode are interpreted using JVM directly. Latest JVM’s convert java bytecode into native code using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler and executes the native code.

For a simple helloworld program here are the bytecodes in hex forms:

public class HelloWorld {
 public static void main(String args[]) {
  System.out.println("Hello World!");
 }
}

Equivalent Byte Code:

ca fe ba be 00 00 00 32 00 1d 0a 00 06 00 0f 09 00 10 00 11 08 00 12 0a 00 13 00 14 07 00 15 07 00 16 01 00 06 3c 69 6e 69 74 3e 01 00 03 28 29 56 01 00 04 43 6f 64 65 01 00 0f 4c 69 6e 65 4e 75 6d 62 65 72 54 61 62 6c 65 01 00 04 6d 61 69 6e 01 00 16 28 5b 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72 69 6e 67 3b 29 56 01 00 0a 53 6f 75 72 63 65 46 69 6c 65 01 00 0f 48 65 6c 6c 6f 57 6f 72 6c 64 2e 6a 61 76 61 0c 00 07 00 08 07 00 17 0c 00 18 00 19 01 00 0c 48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64 21 07 00 1a 0c 00 1b 00 1c 01 00 0a 48 65 6c 6c 6f 57 6f 72 6c 64 01 00 10 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 01 00 10 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 79 73 74 65 6d 01 00 03 6f 75 74 01 00 15 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 69 6f 2f 50 72 69 6e 74 53 74 72 65 61 6d 3b 01 00 13 6a 61 76 61 2f 69 6f 2f 50 72 69 6e 74 53 74 72 65 61 6d 01 00 07 70 72 69 6e 74 6c 6e 01 00 15 28 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72 69 6e 67 3b 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02  00 07 00 08 00 01 00 09 00 00 00 1d 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 05 2a b7 00 01 b1 00 00 00 01 00 0a 00 00 00 06 00 01 00 00 00 01 00 09 00 0b 00 0c 00 01 00 09 00 00 00 25 00 02 00 01 00 00 00 09 b2 00 02 12 03 b6 00 04 b1 00 00 00 01 00 0a 00 00 00 0a 00 02 00 00 00 03 00 08 00 04 00 01 00 0d 00 00 00 02 00 0e

How to Upgrade Ubuntu Distribution?

I want to upgrade from TRUSTY to XENIAL Xerus, but Xenial will be released at April 2016. Ubuntu's Release site displays Distributions available for downlaod upto 15.10( Wily Warewolf). But we can always download the development version, but at our own risk. There might be the problem of driver and certain features which may not be ubiquitous in every hardware. 

In order to upgrade from your current distribution you can  use the Application "Software and Updates", where automatically the latest release will be available for download. In terminal type  

sudo do-release-upgrade

This will download the latest release available.But still you cannot upgrade to the development version.

So in terminal type: sudo do-release-upgrade -d

Command do-release-upgrade upgrades operating system to latest release. -d or --devel-release checks if upgrading to the latest development release is possible. 

Ever wandered about the code names given for the Ubuntu Releases? Wanna know why are they unique and sounds familiar at the same time?Checkout this Development Code where the codenames are listed in details.

PASSWORD PROTECT YOUR ZIP FILE

There are several compression methods to zip you file and store it as a single file consuming comparatively less memory. So it would be better if we could password protect it, wouldn't it ? Hence, in order to password protect a zip file in any Linux Distribution which uses Nautilus( Official File Manager for GNOME) we should:

• Select files you want to compress and Right Click + Compress.

• Select the extension to compress and Click Other Options.

• Now you see password and the text area. Type your Password 

• Enter Create and it's done.

Note: 

• The zip file opens up as you double click it. Also you can view the files inside it. Actually the zip file is now in read mode only. You can see the list of files you zipped. But in order to view the contents of file you will need to enter your password. Well the password protection doesn't work in following format compression

.ar .tar .tar.7z .tar.Z .cpio .gz .iso .jar .lzma .xz

Knowing Python Version from Terminal

In Linux it is hard to see the version of any software and module. So from terminal typing:

python -V shows the version of Python that the python command resolves to.

This one is one easy way to figure out python version you are currrently using, but there are other uniwue methods to know which Python version you are using through terminal. Type python in terminal & by default you will see this below:

Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

Here Python  2.7.6 is the version of your python.
In case  you tpye python 3.4 you will see:

Python 3.4.1 (default, Jul 31 2014, 12:46:17) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

In Ubuntu we can check the resolution with readlink -f $(which python). In default cases in 14.04 this will simply point to /usr/bin/python2.7.
We can chain this in to show the version of that version of Python:

$ readlink -f $(which python) | xargs -I % sh -c 'echo -n "%: "; % -V'
/usr/bin/python2.7: Python 2.7.6

But this is still only telling us what our current python resolution is. If we were in a Virtualenv (a common Python stack management system) python might resolve to a different version:

$ readlink -f $(which python) | xargs -I % sh -c 'echo -n "%: "; % -V'
/home/oli/venv/bin/python: Python 2.7.4

FIREFOX Vs CHROMIUM

The unique features of Chromium and Firefox make them stand  right ahead to make a comparison for which one to use. If your device is strong enough to afford space and speed for many application, installing both of the browsers wont be a problem. But I have few reasons for which browser I want to use. I presume most of the peoples' point of view to my logic will be promising.

Chromium is the open-source web browser project from which Google Chrome draws its source code. The browsers share the majority of code and features, though there are some minor differences in features and they have different licensing.

Mozilla Firefox (commonly referred to simply as Firefox) is a free and open source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the  Mozilla Corporation.

So here are some of the comparative analysis which supports respective browsers.

• Chromium is Open Source while Mozilla is Free and Open Source. Just dig into the difference between these two terms here .Here I prefer Firefox, so the Vote is C:0-1:M

• Searching: Chromium is more User Interactive then Firefox. Typing any word in the Google search box automatically leads to the URL tab in Chromium, while it don't do in Firefox. So the vote is C:1-1:M

• URL: In Firefox you need to double click the url in order to select it and type another url in that tab. While clicking one time at the URL tab  in Chromium selects your url, and you can easily modify.So the vote is C:2-1:M

•  Bookmarks: I say Bookmarks in Chromium is extensively user friendly than Firefox. You can just add the bookmarks in a folder and another folder within that folder. And you can move you bookmarked folder wherever in the bookmark bar. Here again I vote Chromium, so the vote is C:3-1:M

• Sync: To sync at Firefox you need to signup with any email id you have. IN Chromium you can sighup only with gmail account. And in both of the browsers you can sync history, bookmarks and downloads. So here I vote: C:3-2:M

• RAM: Approximately Chromium uses 15-25% of your memory compared to Firefox while browsing. So her I prefer C:3-3:M. Some time I find this the only reason to strongly use firefox. 

• Compatibility: Both browsers are compatible in most of the existing operating systems Windows, OS X, Linux based OS and devices including Android , RaspberyPI etc. Here its a draw. :)

• Drive Offline Sync: As internet is the mainstream for all of our computation, specially talking about Google Drive offline Sync feature is only available in Chromium browser. So here i vote C:4-3:M

• Folder Upload: I'm not trying to be biased talking about Google Drive only, but being a freely provided cloud space by Google, millions of people use it. So in Firefox there is not this feature of Folder Upload. Say I always use firefox, but whenever I need to upload my folder I must switch to the Chromium. So here I prefer Chromium and the vote is C:5-3:M.

• User Profiles: In both of the browsers we can do safe browsing or go incognito. Additionally in Chromium there is a feature of creating users which enables users to use their specific profile, so I vote C:6-3:M 

Image Crdit: OMGUBUNTU

That's it looking at the surface of both of these browsers, I prefer using Chromium. Although I am a Firefox Student Ambassador and do promote the Firefox browser activities from Firefox Friends, because of some slightly affecting features, I need to switch to Chromium. But in case you are using a device with limited processing speed i.e. RAM, whatever the supporting facts for Chromium exists I say you need to switch to chromium.

Lastly I kindly request my readers to comment more differences to compare between these two browsers. Suggested a  point , I will add them with the name of individual who mentioned it, as well the links if necessary.

BLOG : First time I heard about Linux.

During my high school I used to wonder looking at the banner plate “ UNIX LAB” pasted on door of our computer lab. As it was an Undergraduate Lab, we high school juniors were not allowed to enter to the lab. Back in those days we barely surfed Internet to find answers for any curiosity. 

Co-incidentally I entered that UNIX LAB one day to meet my senior who was busy writing codes in a black screen. Up-to my knowledge I assumed that he was busy with some programming stuffs at command prompt. Later I noticed all computer screen were black and few more students were busy coding in that black screen. Curiosity was increasing and I asked my senior: 

What are you doing in this black screen which has no menus to click? 

Why is this computer screen black without any colorful screen? 

That day I heard Linux first time in my life. My senior explained me first about the Microsoft Windows and then said about Linux, both of them are operating systems. And the black screen stuff was a terminal like command prompt MSDOS in Windows. And he had said to me that he was writing some codes for his project. This is how I became fascinated about that black screen. I wanted to know listen more and use that computers like my seniors, but in those days all I knew about programming was printing texts in QBASIC. 

It took me so long to use that black screen and install Linux in my laptop, which I did in my first year of Undergraduate of Computer Science. The first distribution I got from the ISMS department of my University was a UBUNTU 10.04 LTS Lucid Lynx. Well soon after a first few attempts of installing a Linux based operating system, I realized that black screen my senior used was not a common man's choice to dig in. Errors and bugs always made me angry and frustrating. List of hurdles faced to be a open source software user will fill the entire blog but all experiences had a fruitful advantages that is I got the chance to know the problems and would ultimately find the solution as well. This gradually increased my knowledge level , which gives me this confidence to call myself as a FOSS user and OPEN SOURCE PROMOTER as well as ADVOCATE around my University and community.

My first encounter to the word or world of Linux is kind of cool. I would love to hear such stories from you people as well. Together these words will spread positive message about Free an Open Source Software and Open Movement. If this story will please atleast an individual to dig in and try Linux , I will say writing this blog online is worth it.

Is a Machine Intelligent enough to predict Homo Sapiens' Future?

Motivation

Science Fiction is all over me, maybe it's the long addiction of watching "FLASH" and other such series and movies. Characters from fiction movies and series predict somebody's future or travel back to the past as simple as blinking an eye. This astounds me many times and I keep thinking if our future is really near to such fiction stories which we kind of think as a bluff. Also day by day we are getting to read advancements in Artificial Intelligence. So I'm curious if I will be alive to see such man made miracles into a machine.

Concept

Provided sufficient amount of data about the present action we are performing, With the help of essential statistical regression models, we can predict the result in future. This is done in mathematics. And a machine is just a bot to perform the rules defined in it. So if numbers can be predicted through mathematics, why cannot a machine predict future of mankind? Prediction includes (movement, feelings, action and reaction, etc...).

Approach

With reference to mathematics let us Consider if a Company X gains an income of amount a in month 1, b in month 2, c in month 3, d in month 4, then with some mathematical calculations( probability, fuzzy logic, regression analysis, any ) we can say that the company will earn the income e in month 5, and so on. Here the input data is some numbers and constraints for calculation is income in next time period.

Now its could be weird to put my thinking in a practical way, but let's take above mathematical modal, if movement of our hands and legs, our anger and stress, sentiments and etc are recorded in various time interval. Could an Intelligent machine predice what will be our next movement, sentiment and decision? Human being a.k.a Homo Sapiens are also some machine(Say an advanced machines, consisting of skin and which breathes, digests food, breathes air senses to the light.Yes humans are far more intelligent and are complex to understand. But Human perform their activities according to the results or guidelines given by the neurons.

So now if we will observe a human being for decades, and note down the activities performed. A Machine can definitely observe some similar patterns like certain sets of actions human beings are likely supposed to provide similar pattern of outcome. Analyzing those patterns I believe a macine can predict the future actions as well as the actions of those activities as well.In this condition we can say there is a high probability for a machine to predict our actions. We can consider many sentiment analysis projects which have been successful in predicting what our next tweet will be.

Now comes the serious part which is not less than a fiction. Can an intelligent machine predict what our action will be in our future. Can we rely on a machine which will be predicting our actions after let's say 10 years? Wouldn't it be more similar then believing to a fortune teller?

Constraints

Wow how easily a Machine predicted our future. But here are some serious parts which are major concerns for a machine to claim as an intelligent machine strong enough to predict Homo Sapiens future.

• First we still are learning how our Brain works. Even though Machine Learning and Neural Network has progressed, but we have yet many mysteries to unfold about our brain. Researchers are working on it, but the progress is slower then we expect such science fiction to become real.
• The hormones in a human body keeps changing time to time, our bones, skin and other parts keeps changing time to time. We have no control to it. This phenomena of which we are unaware, on how things happens, how can a machine unveil the secret within our physical system?
• Consciousness of a Human Being, which is a mystery to us. We donot know, well I don't know how my body maintains its cycle of 24 hours in a day. How do we feel, taste or breathe the environment. So Predicting our future also means predicting our end. Which I think will never be achieved by a machine.

#AI #AGI #RandomThoughts

Understanding Fedora, Redhat and CentOS

Talking about Linux Distribution these three are quite famous for maintaining the server and security perspectives. I don't mean to say there are only these three distributions for servers and network security, I would absolutely be wrong. In that case Slackware, Arch, Black Arch, Kali, Bodhi are some name which shouldn't be missed. I agree there are even more. But being interrelated with each other, people generally get confused about following three Linux Distributions: 

• Fedora
• Redhat
• CentOS

They get confused regarding following points:

•  Do they belong to same company?
• As Redhat is available as a commercial version do other distributions cost money as well?
• Who maintains them?
• How  often their stable versions are released?

I was also little unclear previously, so I did a little study about these three distribution and went through wikipedia. Being convinced myself I draw this diagram listing their features in order top to button.

I wish this will  somehow help.

UBUNTU IS A SPYWARE

Do you think Ubuntu spies on you?

Answer: Yes it does I will show you how it does. I found out this said by Richard Stallman.

Free Software Foundation President Richard Stallman called Ubuntu Linux "spyware" because the operating system sends data to Ubuntu maker Canonical when a user searches the desktop.

"Ubuntu, a widely used and influential GNU/Linux distribution, has installed surveillance code," Stallman wrote in a post titled "Ubuntu Spyware: What to Do?" "When the user searches her own local files for a string using the Ubuntu desktop, Ubuntu sends that string to one of Canonical's servers. … Ubuntu uses the information about searches to show the user ads to buy various things from Amazon. Amazon commits many wrongs (see http://stallman.org/amazon.html); by promoting Amazon, Canonical contributes to them. However, the ads are not the core of the problem. The main issue is the spying. Canonical says it does not tell Amazon who searched for what. However, it is just as bad for Canonical to collect your personal information as it would have been for Amazon to collect it."

SPYWARE

Google defines Spyware as a software that enables a user to obtain information about another's computer activities by transmitting data covertly from their hard drive.

How to do safe search?

In order to do safe browsing on your dashboard you need to filter result. Doing this you can let your interested machine to search for you. Just unclick the sources which you don't want to get you information. 

Debian has provided an easy method to browse your machine offline. In order to do so as shown in the picture below Off the on button and you are totally ofline. None of your searched data will be used by the online sources.

CORELINUX & CODELINUX

Why always to start from the scratch and bang your head on the wall getting stocked on a very tiny simple problem. So I wish some true Linux genius would maintain two specific kind of blog i.e. codelinux and corelinux.

CORELINUX

Where Bloggers would describe every minute details about Linux Based OS, every simple idea and information regarding the development of Linux and its stability in various distributions.A blogger could prepare some kind of course / syllabus which would consider specially beginners and experts as well and clearly identify that beginners can accomplish following things and will need to study following materials in order to reach next level.

CODE LINUX

Learning the theories are only not sufficient to be smart because  learning linux is nothing until you are  not able to perform it( say code / modify / customize it).
And most of the time every action on linux is performed through codes or commands. So  I wish a blog or blogger to describe code and concepts behind how it  works. Experts can easily identify where beginners may have problems in understanding the flow , so they can comment on it and every beginners could easily learn from it.

UBUNTU GUEST SESSION DISABLE

In case your laptop is never used by anobody else, then I see no use of Guest Session. Guest session is only necessary if you let other people to share your laptop. In my case I never let anyone to use my laptop, hence for me my user account is enough. So I removed the gurst session from my device.In order to remove the guest session, do following things in your terminal:

• First open your terminal:  CTRL+ALT+T

• Then type: sudo gedit /usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-ubuntu.conf

• In your text editor simply add this line of code allow-guest=false

Now save your configuration file, Close it and restart, this is what you will see:

Troubleshoot Network Manager, Apache, Wireless...

Today's Blog is all about networking stuffs and I will be covering following points:

1. Know your Network Controller Device with lspci
2. Display all interfaces which are currently available, even if down with ifconfig
3. Enable the service networking 
4. Enable Apache server
5. Then Enable Network Manager with network-manager
6. Then  Enable your WiFi with nmcli nm

AND REMEMBER ALL THESE THINGS WILL BE DONE WITH OUR TERMINAL THIS IS WHY LINUX IS SO COOL...

Then we are all set to run the internet.And now we are some basic troubleshooter about networking, though networking is a huge this would be the first step. Not actually first first step in networking is always theory The Basics of Networking, but we are not dealing with it today. So lets begin

1. In order to know  the hardware devices assembled in your laptop open your TERMINAL CTRL+ALT+T and then type lspci .

This displays all the hardware devices  like PCI BRIDGE, SATA controller, SMBus, USB Controller, Audio Device assembled in your laptop / computer. 

My Network controller is:

02:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4313 802.11bgn Wireless Network Adapter (rev 01)

2. So now we need to know the interfaces that are available in our UBUNTU.  To see this type ifconfig in the terminal and you will see the output like this :

3. To access the internet first your hardware device should be activated, In order to do so type 

sudo service networking  and press tab twice which displays  arguments like:

 force-reload       reload        restart       start         stop

Perform any you need.

4.  To enable apache server in terminal type:

      sudo service apache2 start

5.  Now enable the network manager. In order to do so in terminal type:

    

     sudo service network-manager start 

6. Now First view the available connecting points Wireless point or Ethernet. To view the available wifi points in terminal type

    

     sudo nmcli con list

This displays the available devices With its UID and SSID.

Now to enable the wifi in terminal type:

      Sudo nmcli con up SSID or the UID

You can manipulate these basic networking commands and  triubleshoot on your own.

UBUNTU DESKTOP WALLPAPER TWEAKS

Can you Set a picture of yours as default Ubuntu Desktop Wallpaper?

Well, setting a picture of yours as a wallpaper is totally different then setting default images as wallpaper.That picture of yours after it is deleted or moved in another location, your wallpaper either gets blank or some default images are set as wallpaper.

So in order to set your image as default image you should  work on following steps:
I have tried this tweak  on both 12.04 LTS and 14.04LTS and it works absolutely fine.

1. First copy your image to /usr/share/backgrounds/ Do this from terminal using root prompt or do it from Nautilus  typing nautilus in terminal, so that you will not face permission denial.
2. Edit  the XML file /usr/share/backgrounds/contents/trusty.xml and paste this code:

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined by the W3C's XML 1.0 Specification^[2] and by several other related specifications,^[3] all of which are free open standards.^{[4]  (Definition referenced from Wkipedia)}

<static>

    <duration>1795.0</duration>

    <file>/usr/share/backgrounds/Aurora_500PX.jpg</file>

  </static>

  <transition>

    <duration>5.0</duration>

    <from>/usr/share/backgrounds/Aurora_500PX.jpg</from>

    <to>/usr/share/backgrounds/Reflections_by_Trenton_Fox.jpg</to>

  </transition>

Instead of Aurora_500PX.jpg keep your filename.

     3. Edit file /usr/share/gnome-background-properties/trusty-wallpapers.xml

<wallpaper>

    <name>AURORA 500PX</name>

    <filename>/usr/share/backgrounds/Aurora_500PX.jpg</filename>

    <options>zoom</options>

    <pcolor>#000000</pcolor>

    <scolor>#000000</scolor>

    <shade_type>solid</shade_type>

  </wallpaper>

Edit your filename instead of Aurora_500PX.jpg

Default Ubuntu Wallpapers

Look there are fourteen default wallpapers in Ubuntu. Our purpose is to set our image in that list so that next time we won't have any problem even we lose the picture or move it to another location. 

You can see the image selected with red rectangle and its thumbnail inside the monitor on your left which is the AURORA Borealis  downloaded from 500PX.com
And you can even see I have messed up with images duplication.

HOW TO SPEED UP UBUNTU?

My 'UBUNTU 14.04' takes too much time after first boot. Well genius people will have many tricks and tweaks to speed up their systems but as a beginner  I am researching in the internet about following things which can possibly boost up performance of Ubuntu:

1. Packages / Software installed in my #Ubuntu.
2. Distinguishing useful / obsolete software.
3. Removing unnecessary software, Releasing space, which can increase the speed.

This could be one way of solving the problem of slow performance of speed.

Today I will show  some ways to see the packages  and software installed in Ubuntu.

1. Synaptic Package Manager

To open the Synaptic Package Manager in terminal type:

algosig@surfer:~$ sudo synaptic

This will open the GUI of Synaptic Manager. From there you can explore the installed packages.

    2. dpkg --get-selections

To get a list of packages installed locally do this in your terminal:

algosig@surfer:~$ sudo dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall

To save that list to a text file called packages on your desktop do this in your terminal:

algosig@surfer:~$ dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall > ~/Desktop/packages

     3.  aptitute

To get just the packages which were expressly installed (not just installed as dependencies), you can run

algosig@surfer:~$ aptitude search '~i!~M'

This will also include a brief description, which you may want. If not, use the option -F '%p'

     4. Create Backup

Create a backup of what packages are currently installed:

algosig@surfer:~$ dpkg --get-selections > list.txt

Then (on another system) restore installations from that list:

algosig@surfer:~$ dpkg --clear-selections

algosig@surfer:~$ sudo dpkg --set-selections < list.txt

To get rid of stale packages

algosig@surfer:~$ sudo apt-get autoremove

To get installed like at backup time (i.e. to install packages set by dpkg --set-selections)

algosig@surfer:~$ sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade

There are many documentations available in the internet and I searched only few intelligent peoples'  brain. There are many users out there with creative ideas to manipulate terminals and  bash scripts. it can by you as well.

So now I know to list out all the packages and save them in txt file. Next time I will show some methods to remove the old and obsolete packages. In a few blogs we will be able to maintain the speed of our OS i.e. UBUNTU

See you guys soon.

Open Source Software Alternative for PROJECT MANAGEMENT

As for the system analysis and design project documentation plays a vital role. So use of different available tools makes our task easy and helps us in error detection as well. My teacher suggested me yo use MS Project which is a project management software for Windows Operating System, but being an open source promoter I Google some  project management software alternatives for Linux based operating systems and came with some use full results: 

FOSS lovers out there choose any one you find easy to learn .

GanttProject Open Source by Dmitry Barashev, Alexandre Thomas
| Mac, Windows, Linux

GanttProject is a cross-platform desktop tool for project scheduling and management. It runs on Windows, Linux and MacOSX, it is free and its code is opensource.

http://www.ganttproject.biz/

ProjectLibre Open Source 
| Mac, Windows, Linux

ProjectLibre is a Java-based project management solution that gives Microsoft Project a run for its money. Offering a UI similar enough to ease the transition from Microsoft's market leader.

http://www.projectlibre.org/

GNOME Planner Open Source by Richard Hult and Mikael Hallendal,
| Windows, Linux

Planner is the GNOME project management tool. Its goal is to be an easy-to-use no-nonsense cross-platform project management application.

http://live.gnome.org/Planner/

Calligra Plan Open Source by Calligra Suite 
| Linux

Calligra Plan (formerly KPlato) is a project management application. It is intended for managing moderately large projects with multiple resources.

http://www.calligra.org/plan/

2-Plan Free
| Mac, Windows, Linux

2-plan Project Management Systems offers three PM tools: a free desktop system, an open-source software for multiple projects and teams, and a scrum board.

http://2-plan.com/
 
Reference:

1. http://alternativeto.net/
2. http://askubuntu.com/
3. https://www.google.com