How to Clone Ethernet Card MAC Address in Windows 10 OS

Vlog is all about sharing and creating video blogs of my own or from other contributors. 

Sharing tips and tricks about technologies has always been my passion. As I keep my interest in sharing tips and ideas about Open Source Philosophies, My Friend Rabindra Lamsal  keeps interest in both Open Source Technologies as well as Proprietary. He has been a Microsoft Student Partner last year. Therefore having enough experience about Products from Microsoft and as a Network Enthusiast Rabindra has prepared a video blog about  How to Clone Ethernet Card MAC Address in Windows 10 OS.
Description about the video is mentioned below:"In Windows, you don't need to install any sorts of third party applications or software to clone our Ethernet Card MAC address. Within few steps, using inbuilt options, you can change (it's better to say clone) the MAC address.Hope this will be of some help to all Networking Enthusiast."

PS: Rabindra also said"Sharing ideas about high tech tools and technologies doesn't necessarily mean that we are contributing to the online community. Not every one is intelligent and knows about the world about. Sometimes you need to roll back and think how happy you were when for the first time you created your yahoo id, or downloaded a movie via netscape, etc. Those are true learning as well. So whatever may be the complexity level of any technology, my contribution will be to share it in an easy way over internet.

Set Default and Startup Applications in Ubuntu

This blog will cover two basic things which can be done in Ubuntu. We don't even need to use terminal, this can be done with user interface only:

• How to change the default applications of your system ?
• How to add any application in startup ?

Change Default Applications

In order to change the default application, we can set change the default applications for Web Browser, Mail Calendar, Music player, Video Player and Photo Viewer. Applications to open these six types of applications can be set from the settings. To change the settings: 

• Goto System Settings
• Details
• Default Appliation
  Here, on your right you can set the default applications and manipulate them as you want to.

Startup Appliations Preferences

Suppose you want your terminal application to open on startup(as your system
is on). Or you may want to enable you server right from the beginning ,or you may want to open the web browser. All those applications which run from the beginning are startup applications.You can set your desired application as a startup application. To do show:

• On your dash screen type startup
  
• Click Startup Applications
  This will lead you to the Startup Applications Preferences
  
• Click Add
  Here we will add the application we want to run as startup
  
• In Add Startup Program
  
• Enter a name: say Guake Terminal
  Guake Terminal is also a terminal but customised. First you need to install this application. To install type sudo apt-get install guake in terminal.
  
• Command Section
  In this section you will need to set the path of your application which you want to run. So you must know where the application is located. Either you can browse it(Generally most of the executables are stored in /usr/bin) or in terminal you can find the location of your application with which command. In terminal type which guake you will get the ouptut: /usr/bin/guake which is the path for executing your application. paste it in the command section.
  
• Keep any description if you want and press enter
  
• Next time you start your system your startup application is all set.

Best Mirror Server Selection for Ubuntu

In Ubuntu every packages are installed on-line only. Installing packages off-line needs more exercise but installing packages off-line is also possible. As the community of Ubuntu is strong, there are its mirror servers in 83 countries. And all together there are hundreds of mirror servers from where we can download packages anytime.
In this blog, two general tips will be illustrated:

1. How to change the server from main server to country  image server.
2. How to select the best server for your region.

Generally the best mirror server for us will be the server available in our own country. In my country, Nepal its hosted by Nepal Telecommunications. So right after the installation I'll have to change the server from to Nepal. To do so:

1. In System Settings
2.  Software and Updates
3.  Ubuntu Software : Download From
   Initially the download server is set to the main server. Here we will need to select our country server. To do so:
   
   Select Download from Other Now you can see all the 83 country servers(Mirror Servers). Select one server from your country. This will change the server and from now onwards your download speed will be fast.

Sometimes your country servers can have problems in downloading packages.  You will be facing unable to fetch some archives... error as shown below:

root@techjhola:/home/techjhola# apt-get install guake
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
libglade2-0 libvte-common libvte9 python-glade2 python-vte
Suggested packages:
python-gtk2-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
guake libglade2-0 libvte-common libvte9 python-glade2 python-vte
0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 137 not upgraded.
Need to get 472 kB/643 kB of archives.
After this operation, 3,118 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Err http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libglade2-0 amd64 1:2.6.4-2
  403  Forbidden
Err http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libvte-common all 1:0.28.2-5ubuntu1
  403  Forbidden
Err http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libvte9 amd64 1:0.28.2-5ubuntu1
  403  Forbidden
Err http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main python-vte amd64 1:0.28.2-5ubuntu1
  403  Forbidden
Err http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main python-glade2 amd64 2.24.0-3ubuntu3
  403  Forbidden
E: Failed to fetch http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/libg/libglade2/libglade2-0_2.6.4-2_amd64.deb  403  Forbidden

E: Failed to fetch http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/v/vte/libvte-common_0.28.2-5ubuntu1_all.deb  403  Forbidden

E: Failed to fetch http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/v/vte/libvte9_0.28.2-5ubuntu1_amd64.deb  403  Forbidden

E: Failed to fetch http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/v/vte/python-vte_0.28.2-5ubuntu1_amd64.deb  403  Forbidden

E: Failed to fetch http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/pygtk/python-glade2_2.24.0-3ubuntu3_amd64.deb  403  Forbidden

E: Unable to fetch some archives, maybe run apt-get update or try with --fix-missing?  

In such case you need to either try the last option displayed in the error panel:
E: Unable to fetch some archives, maybe run apt-get update or try with --fix-missing?

If this doesn't work as well, you will need to select the best server for you. To do so, after you see the list of mirror server with country names . On its right top corner you can see:

• Select Best Server This will run a short diagnostics and within a short time will find the best mirror server for you.
• Select that server and keep downloading from that server.

You country server will again come to operation in a few days. In my case I had same error displayed above. I changed the server from country server to Best Server assigned by my system. And again after two days the downloading was okey. 

Linux Mint Website Hacked. ISO Compromised

LINUX MINT WAS HACKED

Well you can trust no one, as everything is vulnerable although it seems safe from the outside. One of the best Linux Based Distribution Linux Mint was hacked, as mentioned by the Linux Mint Blog.

How was it hacked?

Blog mentions that hackers built a customized ISO of Linux Mint which had a bug within it and managed to hack Linux Mint Official Website through the backdoor they prepared.

What was affected?

The Linux Mint 17.3 Cinnamon was affected so far. Server of Linux Mint is recently down, for monitoring. SO all other ISO are still safe.

Does that harm you?

If you have downloaded any ISO except Cinnamon version, then you are not affected. You are not affected even you have downloaded them from torrents or from HTTP link.

Who did the atack ?

Those ISOs which got hacked were hosted on  5.104.175.212 and the hosted ISO leads to this website absentvodka,com through the backdoor. This connectd from country Bulgaria.Name of three people were available in the webiste. The motivation behind the hack is still unknown.

How to be safe?

To check if you are harmed check the valid MD5 signatures  of unaffected Cinnamon version below:

6e7f7e03500747c6c3bfece2c9c8394f linuxmint-17.3-cinnamon-32bit.iso
e71a2aad8b58605e906dbea444dc4983 linuxmint-17.3-cinnamon-64bit.iso
30fef1aa1134c5f3778c77c4417f7238 linuxmint-17.3-cinnamon-nocodecs-32bit.iso
3406350a87c201cdca0927b1bc7c2ccd linuxmint-17.3-cinnamon-nocodecs-64bit.iso
df38af96e99726bb0a1ef3e5cd47563d linuxmint-17.3-cinnamon-oem-64bit.iso

If your signature is different, Delete the ISO and use another one. This makes you safe.

The information of this attack was received from Official Blog Linux Mint. For further information and inquiry follow the RSS link available in the Linux Mint Blog

Make your Data, Applications safe in Ubuntu Live Boot

Wouldn't it be fantastic if you could install your necessary applications in a Live Boot and use it wherever you get a computer. Well you can do it. This blog will somehow try to provide a way to store all your data and applications from Live Boot.

Generally running an operating system from an external device like USB is like using guest session. While running the system we have root privileges to download any application and install them. Also we can browse the Internet and download files, make files, folder, etc. But all the data will be erased and your system will be fresh for next time you boot it.

In order to store files, folders and installed applications in your live boot you need to:

1. Create a user.
2. Provide that user administrative privilege.
3. Reboot

Creating a user in Ubuntu is an easy task. There is a GUI "User Accounts" in your dashboard.
 In Dash Menu type: Users. 

• There you will see one application User Accounts.
  
• Add a Account:
  
  Set the account type to administrator. Enter full name: "test".
  Then you will see the details about the new user.
  
  
  Now click the password : Account disabled section , set a password and reboot your system. This type even though you are running your system from live boot you will get a login panel with user name test, login. After login you can add folders and install some applications save them. And reboot the system again. Now you can see the changes all your data is safe. Now you have a portable operating system all the time which you can operate anywhere.

How to resolve Infinite Login Loop in Ubuntu?

What is a Infinite Login Loop Error?

Trying to login in your account from login panel of Ubuntu, you are again redirected to the same login interface after you enter your password. Again after you enter your password, same screen will be displayed again and again infinitely. We call this error as Infinite Login Loop Error.

There are few possible reasons for causing this Infinite Login Loop. They are:

• Possible damage of some packages.
  Infinite Login Loop can occur if the last operation you performed in your system was updating various packages, but they got interrupted while downloading. There are some steps which can fix the infinite login loop.
  
  • Go to runlevel 1: Ctl Alt F1
  • login with user-name and password.

  • Run updates "sudo apt-get update"

  • Check all applications "sudo apt-get upgrade"

  • Check all packages "sudo apt-get -f install"
  • Update grub "sudo update-grub"

  • Remove all old applications and packages "sudo apt-get autoremove"

  • Reboot "sudo reboot" 

  
  
• .Xauthority file chown (change owner) error.
  Sometimes if there are different users in your system and your system assigns the .Xauthority file to root users ( By default the permission is allowed to root only ) then  the users except root may face this Infinite Login Loop Error. .Xauthority file saves cookies and information realted to the login session and various applications after the user is logged in. So now in order to get rid of this error you need to change the owner of the system to your username.
  
  1. At the login screen enter runlevel 3 by pressing CTRL+ALT+F3
  2.  type ls -lah to look for the .Xauthority file and its privileges.
     You will see thir kind of ourput in the list:
     -rw------- 1 root root 53 Nov 29 10:19 .Xauthority
     
  3. then type sudo chown 'username':'username' .Xauthority, replacing the username with your username. Now you are able to access the .Xauthority file and all your login information after you login to your system will be stored in this file.
  4. Then reboot your system.
     sudo reboot

GOOGLE GIVES AWAY 2GB STORAGE ON SAFER INTERNET DAY

Like previous year, Google is giving away 2GB Storage to celebrate Safer Internet Day. Annually Google offers free storage to all of its users. All you need to do is update your security settings. Click here to update your Security Settings.

Google Security Update consists of four security checks:

• Recovery information
• Connected dveices
• Access for less secure apps
• Account permissions

Updating these checks you will get 2GB of free Drive Storage.The offer has not ended yet. I got 2GB free space on third day.
GRAB YOUR FREE SPACE NOW

Safer Internet Day (SID) is organised by Insafe in February of each year to promote safer and more responsible use of online technology and mobile phones, especially among children and young people across the world. This year SID was celebrated on 7th of

 

Ubuntu Xenial Upgrade Crash Troubleshoot

While migrating to Ubuntu Xenial 16.04 (development distribution), the distribution upgrade was interrupted. Due to inconsistent network while downliading the packages some were corrupted. Hence it resulted in crash of Xenial. The upgrade was successful but the display manager didn't work perfectly. 

Main problem is that screen was redirected to the login screen after entering the password. Maybe that specific package was corrupted and it needs to  br reconfigured. So do few things from virtual terminal, Ctrl+Alt+F3

First to confirm that your device is upgraded check the distribution specific information. Click Here.

Now you need to type:

sudo dpkg --configure -a

With parameter --configure -a, dpkg configures  a package which has been unpacked but not yet configured.  If -a or --pending is given instead of package, all unpacked but unconfigured packages are configured. Now all the downloaded packages will be configured and the corrupted / damaged packages while downloading will create error.

To configure these errors and download them again you will be displayed a information in console which says:

gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders > /usrlib/i386-linux-gnu/gdk-pixbuf-2.0/2.10.0/loaders.cache

Make sure you have an internet connection, because you will need to install libgdk-pixbuf2.0-dev in order to run above command. To install this package again type:

sudo apt-get install libgdk-pixbuf2.0-dev

Now installing this package will automatically download the missing downloads and configure the packages and your upgrade is finally successful after a restart.

How to display Distribution Specific Information in Ubuntu?

Here in this blog Linux commands which displays all the information about your operating system(Ubuntu) is shown.The commands are uname & lsb_release.

uname prints the system information like:  kernel name, network node hostname, kernel-version, machine, operating system etc.

While connamd lsb_release prints the distribution specific information. Well you can see the version of distribution during the first boot but this commands has all the information regarding distribution like distributor's id, release number and codename of the recently installed distribution.

To display all information about your system type:

uname -a or uname -all

And your output is like this:

Linux oracle 3.13.0-74-generic #118-Ubuntu SMP Thu Dec 17 22:52:02 UTC 2015 i686 i686 i686 GNU/Linux

 To display the distribution specific information type:

lsb_release -all

This will display distribution specific information like this:

Distributor ID:    Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS
Release:    14.04
Codename:    trusty

 

To display specific information about your system use following parameters with command uname:

-s, --kernel-name

        print the kernel name

-n, --nodename

       print the network node hostname

-r, --kernel-release

        print the kernel release

-v, --kernel-version

        print the kernel version

-m, --machine

       print the machine hardware name

-p, --processor

        print the processor type or "unknown"

-i, --hardware-platform

        print the hardware platform or "unknown"

-o, --operating-system

        print the operating system

--help

       display this help and exit

--version

        output version information and exit

To display distribution specific information about your system use following parameters with command lsb_release:

-v, --version
       Show version of LSB against which your current installation is compliant.  Version is expressed as colon separated list of LSB module descriptions.
-i, --id

        Display the distributor's ID.
 

-d, --description
        Display a description of the currently installed distribution.

-r, --release
         Display the release number of the currently installed distribution.

-c, --codename
         Display the code name of the currently installed distribution.

-a, --all
        Display all of the above information.

Non-Code Contributions to promote Open Source

Contribute to open source! It’ll look great on your resume! It’s gratifying work!

You may have heard people make these statements, or ones similar to them, numerous times throughout your career. They’re not wrong contributing to open source is a rewarding endeavour in multiple dimensions but, when software engineers advise other software engineers to contribute to open source they usually mean code contributions. This is a fair assumption to make, but the reality is that there are numerous opportunities to contribute to open source without writing a single line of code. How? Let’s run through some of the non-code opportunities to contribute to open source.

This particular paragraph that I read made me to write about the way I am contributing in open source. You can read the article written by Safia Abdalla [Here]

Evangelize

It is not that your friends will be impressed seeing Linux installed on your system and they will instantly want to install Linux and use it. Open source is not that catchy to everyone. But its your role to evangelize them about the bright side of open source. If you are using open source software then spread the word about it among your circle. The guy who is doesn't know about open source is always using it unknowingly (android phones and various servers online which are hosted by Linux). If you are using any project related to open source then just share it: it will make a good impression.

Last semester I used an open source model (open sunbrust model) for data visualization. It helped me to get through my project.

  

Report bugs

 You don't need to be a geek to use any open source software. Best part as well as the worst part about linux is errors and troubleshooting them. So a non-code contribution to open source can be error reports or bug reports. For and error you face you can report it to its website or community support website. So that someone who have gone through the same error can give you the solution. If it is some new error than the core developer team will be happy to help you out to make their open source project efficient for many number of users.

Mentor

Solving any error is not always about revising the code. So while troubleshooting your problems you will find that adding the missing links in the source code or installing some missing plugins will solve the problem of a software. In that case you can share those ideas through support communities. It certainly takes a long time for the core developers team to get to your error and solve it. So community support site is the best way of mentoring and flourishing open source software.

Write

You can just write a sentence as a comment in any support communities which helps someone to solve their system. Your can ask questions or answer someone's in a descriptive way so that it will help all the people. You can answer the solution in stackoverflow, askubuntu or through social networking sites.

Host a meetup

Here in our university we volunteers from KUOSC  and FOSS NEPAL organize Open Source meetups and workshops like Linux Talks, FOSS KA KURA, E-Library Project, LTSP Workshops, Trainig of Trainee. Organizing such events is directly helping many students of the university to harness their skills about Open Source Softwares.

Localize

This activity is purely non-code and not-technical way of contributing in the open source projects. As the open source community extends all over the globe its you responsibility to make its use in your country. So language is the only way to communicate. Here in Nepal, we volunteers of FOSS NEPAL are localizing the Ubuntu Xenial 16.04 LTS in our official language Nepali. This will boost non-tech users as well as the government officials to be motivated towards open source software easily. You can contribute and localize it in your official language. It makes you feel special when you will see your contribution makes an effect , and your name in the contributors' list.

Improve security

You are not an expert in programming but your interest in security aspects may be so keen. If so is the case, you can  contribute some time in doint the application vulnerability resting or locating the loop holes in a project which can be threat to a open source project.

Conclusion

Open source projects are secured and trusted all over the globe by a combined effort of all tech and non-tech support communities overseas. So whoever or wherever you are you are always welcome to contribute in open source projects.
Now I totally rely on open source as it is secures, extensible, stable and every open source projects have a huge community support which makes me out of any problem within minutes. And open source projects are customizable and they allow us to shape it the way we want.

Lastly I would like to thank Sagia Abdalla for I wrote my viewpoints about ways of promoting Open Source reading hear article  [Here].

OmegaT - Java (openjdk) Compatibility

OmegaT

It is a computer-assisted translation tool, free software written in the Java programming language, originally developed by Keith Godfrey. Its features include customizable segmentation using regular expressions, expressions, translation memory with fuzzy matching and match propagation, glossary matching, dictionary matching, translation memory and reference material searching, and inline spell-checking using Hunspell  spelling dictionaries.

Download:

You can download it from the official website here. OmegaT is also available on Ubuntu Software Centre. To download it from the terminal type:

sudo apt-get install omegat

Prerequisite:

Built in Java Programming Language, make sure that your device has Java installed. Read here for how to install java.

Run the Application:

After installation to run the application in terminal type:

sudo omegat

Error to face:

Trying to open OmegaT you are most likely to see this error:

Suitable Java Binary not found.

 Troubleshoot: 

The error: "Suitable Jave binary not found" is displayed because the java (openjdk) version listed in script of OmegaT donot match your version. Suppose I use 1.8.0_66 also known as Java 8. I too get that error. So we need to manual configure the script, update our java version and restart the application.

#!/bin/sh

JAVA_OPTIONS='-Djava.library.path=/usr/lib/jni'

JAVA=$(which java | xargs readlink -f)

echo "$JAVA" | grep -q -e '\(openjdk\|sun\)'
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
    JAVABIN=$JAVA
elif [ -x /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-i386/bin/java ]
then
    JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-i386/bin/java"
#KEEP YOUR JAVA VERSION HERE IN THIS LINE
#UNCOMMENT THREE LINES BELOW:
#line1# elif [ -x /usr/lib/java-8-oracle/bin/java ]
#line2# then
 #line3# JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/bin/java"      

elif [ -x /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/bin/java ]
then
    JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/bin/java"
elif [ -x /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/bin/java ]
then
    JAVABIN="/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/bin/java"
else
    echo "Suitable java binary not found."
    exit 1
fi

exec $JAVABIN $JAVA_OPTIONS -jar /usr/share/omegat/OmegaT.jar $*

Reference: Java Binary
Java source file is compiled into a binary class file. This feature of Java Programming Language makes Java Ubiquitous, portable and extensible.  Java binary files are used in a JVM(Java Virtual Machine for execution. Java bytecode are interpreted using JVM directly. Latest JVM’s convert java bytecode into native code using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler and executes the native code.

For a simple helloworld program here are the bytecodes in hex forms:

public class HelloWorld {
 public static void main(String args[]) {
  System.out.println("Hello World!");
 }
}

Equivalent Byte Code:

ca fe ba be 00 00 00 32 00 1d 0a 00 06 00 0f 09 00 10 00 11 08 00 12 0a 00 13 00 14 07 00 15 07 00 16 01 00 06 3c 69 6e 69 74 3e 01 00 03 28 29 56 01 00 04 43 6f 64 65 01 00 0f 4c 69 6e 65 4e 75 6d 62 65 72 54 61 62 6c 65 01 00 04 6d 61 69 6e 01 00 16 28 5b 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72 69 6e 67 3b 29 56 01 00 0a 53 6f 75 72 63 65 46 69 6c 65 01 00 0f 48 65 6c 6c 6f 57 6f 72 6c 64 2e 6a 61 76 61 0c 00 07 00 08 07 00 17 0c 00 18 00 19 01 00 0c 48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64 21 07 00 1a 0c 00 1b 00 1c 01 00 0a 48 65 6c 6c 6f 57 6f 72 6c 64 01 00 10 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 01 00 10 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 79 73 74 65 6d 01 00 03 6f 75 74 01 00 15 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 69 6f 2f 50 72 69 6e 74 53 74 72 65 61 6d 3b 01 00 13 6a 61 76 61 2f 69 6f 2f 50 72 69 6e 74 53 74 72 65 61 6d 01 00 07 70 72 69 6e 74 6c 6e 01 00 15 28 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72 69 6e 67 3b 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02  00 07 00 08 00 01 00 09 00 00 00 1d 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 05 2a b7 00 01 b1 00 00 00 01 00 0a 00 00 00 06 00 01 00 00 00 01 00 09 00 0b 00 0c 00 01 00 09 00 00 00 25 00 02 00 01 00 00 00 09 b2 00 02 12 03 b6 00 04 b1 00 00 00 01 00 0a 00 00 00 0a 00 02 00 00 00 03 00 08 00 04 00 01 00 0d 00 00 00 02 00 0e

How to Upgrade Ubuntu Distribution?

I want to upgrade from TRUSTY to XENIAL Xerus, but Xenial will be released at April 2016. Ubuntu's Release site displays Distributions available for downlaod upto 15.10( Wily Warewolf). But we can always download the development version, but at our own risk. There might be the problem of driver and certain features which may not be ubiquitous in every hardware. 

In order to upgrade from your current distribution you can  use the Application "Software and Updates", where automatically the latest release will be available for download. In terminal type  

sudo do-release-upgrade

This will download the latest release available.But still you cannot upgrade to the development version.

So in terminal type: sudo do-release-upgrade -d

Command do-release-upgrade upgrades operating system to latest release. -d or --devel-release checks if upgrading to the latest development release is possible. 

Ever wandered about the code names given for the Ubuntu Releases? Wanna know why are they unique and sounds familiar at the same time?Checkout this Development Code where the codenames are listed in details.

PASSWORD PROTECT YOUR ZIP FILE

There are several compression methods to zip you file and store it as a single file consuming comparatively less memory. So it would be better if we could password protect it, wouldn't it ? Hence, in order to password protect a zip file in any Linux Distribution which uses Nautilus( Official File Manager for GNOME) we should:

• Select files you want to compress and Right Click + Compress.

• Select the extension to compress and Click Other Options.

• Now you see password and the text area. Type your Password 

• Enter Create and it's done.

Note: 

• The zip file opens up as you double click it. Also you can view the files inside it. Actually the zip file is now in read mode only. You can see the list of files you zipped. But in order to view the contents of file you will need to enter your password. Well the password protection doesn't work in following format compression

.ar .tar .tar.7z .tar.Z .cpio .gz .iso .jar .lzma .xz

Knowing Python Version from Terminal

In Linux it is hard to see the version of any software and module. So from terminal typing:

python -V shows the version of Python that the python command resolves to.

This one is one easy way to figure out python version you are currrently using, but there are other uniwue methods to know which Python version you are using through terminal. Type python in terminal & by default you will see this below:

Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

Here Python  2.7.6 is the version of your python.
In case  you tpye python 3.4 you will see:

Python 3.4.1 (default, Jul 31 2014, 12:46:17) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

In Ubuntu we can check the resolution with readlink -f $(which python). In default cases in 14.04 this will simply point to /usr/bin/python2.7.
We can chain this in to show the version of that version of Python:

$ readlink -f $(which python) | xargs -I % sh -c 'echo -n "%: "; % -V'
/usr/bin/python2.7: Python 2.7.6

But this is still only telling us what our current python resolution is. If we were in a Virtualenv (a common Python stack management system) python might resolve to a different version:

$ readlink -f $(which python) | xargs -I % sh -c 'echo -n "%: "; % -V'
/home/oli/venv/bin/python: Python 2.7.4

FIREFOX Vs CHROMIUM

The unique features of Chromium and Firefox make them stand  right ahead to make a comparison for which one to use. If your device is strong enough to afford space and speed for many application, installing both of the browsers wont be a problem. But I have few reasons for which browser I want to use. I presume most of the peoples' point of view to my logic will be promising.

Chromium is the open-source web browser project from which Google Chrome draws its source code. The browsers share the majority of code and features, though there are some minor differences in features and they have different licensing.

Mozilla Firefox (commonly referred to simply as Firefox) is a free and open source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the  Mozilla Corporation.

So here are some of the comparative analysis which supports respective browsers.

• Chromium is Open Source while Mozilla is Free and Open Source. Just dig into the difference between these two terms here .Here I prefer Firefox, so the Vote is C:0-1:M

• Searching: Chromium is more User Interactive then Firefox. Typing any word in the Google search box automatically leads to the URL tab in Chromium, while it don't do in Firefox. So the vote is C:1-1:M

• URL: In Firefox you need to double click the url in order to select it and type another url in that tab. While clicking one time at the URL tab  in Chromium selects your url, and you can easily modify.So the vote is C:2-1:M

•  Bookmarks: I say Bookmarks in Chromium is extensively user friendly than Firefox. You can just add the bookmarks in a folder and another folder within that folder. And you can move you bookmarked folder wherever in the bookmark bar. Here again I vote Chromium, so the vote is C:3-1:M

• Sync: To sync at Firefox you need to signup with any email id you have. IN Chromium you can sighup only with gmail account. And in both of the browsers you can sync history, bookmarks and downloads. So here I vote: C:3-2:M

• RAM: Approximately Chromium uses 15-25% of your memory compared to Firefox while browsing. So her I prefer C:3-3:M. Some time I find this the only reason to strongly use firefox. 

• Compatibility: Both browsers are compatible in most of the existing operating systems Windows, OS X, Linux based OS and devices including Android , RaspberyPI etc. Here its a draw. :)

• Drive Offline Sync: As internet is the mainstream for all of our computation, specially talking about Google Drive offline Sync feature is only available in Chromium browser. So here i vote C:4-3:M

• Folder Upload: I'm not trying to be biased talking about Google Drive only, but being a freely provided cloud space by Google, millions of people use it. So in Firefox there is not this feature of Folder Upload. Say I always use firefox, but whenever I need to upload my folder I must switch to the Chromium. So here I prefer Chromium and the vote is C:5-3:M.

• User Profiles: In both of the browsers we can do safe browsing or go incognito. Additionally in Chromium there is a feature of creating users which enables users to use their specific profile, so I vote C:6-3:M 

Image Crdit: OMGUBUNTU

That's it looking at the surface of both of these browsers, I prefer using Chromium. Although I am a Firefox Student Ambassador and do promote the Firefox browser activities from Firefox Friends, because of some slightly affecting features, I need to switch to Chromium. But in case you are using a device with limited processing speed i.e. RAM, whatever the supporting facts for Chromium exists I say you need to switch to chromium.

Lastly I kindly request my readers to comment more differences to compare between these two browsers. Suggested a  point , I will add them with the name of individual who mentioned it, as well the links if necessary.