Understanding Unified Artificial Intelligence
We entitled our blog “Branching the Domains of Unified Artificial Intelligence”. Hence readers’ mind want to know ‘What is this Unified Artificial Intelligence?’ Well the explanation can be that we are not trying to propose any form of intelligence. We are simply trying to illustrate various branches that falls under this dominant field of Computer Science. And we are phrasing Artificial Intelligence in a unified term because of its fascinating influence from several field of studies. As mentioned above AI is inspired from different subject studies, so it is unified. The four categories of definitions for AI, they are influenced as well. These categories are formed based upon the key elements like thought processes and reasoning, behaviors, fidelity, human performance and rationality. These elements are keys for subjects like philosophy, mathematics, psychology, control theory etc.
Before heading towards the definition and categorization of Artificial Intelligence and its Sub Domains, if you are new to this subject field and are still exploring about this interesting subject field of Computer Science, we have mentioned some useful links below the reference section where we share more about our research, findings and collections about Artificial Intelligence.
Turing Test as a basis of Four Categories of Definition
Alan Turing proposed a test “Turing Test” during 1950 which is till the date a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. The test phrases “A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person of from a computer.” This test therefore became an inspiration for the proposition of four categories of definition. Programming a computer to pass a rigorous test would require it to think humanly, act humanly, think rationally and act rationally.
Four Categories of Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Thinking Humanly
Declaring that a machine thinks like a human, we should have some sets of tests or methods to determine that it is actually thinking humanly. Also we need to know how a human actually thinks while performs any action. This is done by three approaches and while performing these aspects some domains of artificial intelligence pops up to perform those operations and they are: through Introspection: trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by, through psychological experiments: observing a person in action, through brain imaging: observing the brain in action. These tasks cannot be performed by a machine so easily. In order to perform such actions different domains are established in the field of AI and they are:
- Cognitive Science:- a fascinating field in itself, worthy of several textbooks and at least one encyclopedia (Wilson and Keil, 1999).
Acting Humanly
If a machine could pass the Turing Test then the observer would fail to determine whether the assigned test was performed by a machine or a human being. Machine should possess following domain knowledge in order to do so:
- Natural language processing:- to be able to communicate with real world.
- Knowledge representation:- to store the information seen, heard or written and prepare them for proper utilization.· Automated reasoning – to use the represented knowledge for answering questing on a real time basis.
- Machine learning:- being able to incorporate the real environment and the changes for performing its best.
- Computer vision:- to perceive objects
- Robotics:- to manipulate objects and move about.
Thinking Rationally
Thinking rationally discusses about the approaches that a human apply for reasoning, providing logic during a problem solving. Rationality in a sense that provided a machine to solve a complex problem it should not only follow the steps according to the category of a question but should be able to find out the rational ways to choose solutions nearer with least loops and costs. This category of definition is widely adapted from the foundations like psychology and philosophy which entirely focuses on proper reasoning, analyzing the process of mind during thought creation and rational thinking.
Acting Rationally
This category of definition of Artificial Intelligence deals with controlling and performing the rational thinking created by a machine or by a rational agent. Therefore this category of definition is also entirely dependent upon foundations like psychology and philosophy.
Hence, after dividing the definitions of Artificial Intelligence into four categories we came to know that the first two categories Thinking Humanly and Acting Humanly is solely derived from the foundations of Mathematics, Economics and Computer Engineering. While the last two definitions are derived from the foundations of psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, control theory and linguistics.
References
[1] “Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach, Third Edition, Stuart Russel, Peter Norvig, 2010, Pearson Education Inc., ISBN: 9780136042594
NOTE: This single reference is more than enough for referencing because the book alone is prepared by referencing more than 2000 Research papers..
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